THE BODY SEEN FROM ANTHROPOLOGY FOR SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION
Over time, we have always sought to give answers to the enigmas that afflict diverse socio-cultural areas, in this case we will enter to give to understand how the body has taken a course for the study of its true being. This being a truly complex subject in the area of knowledge, for this we will place in the writings of Dr. Silvia Citro Anthropologist of the (University of Buenos Aires, 2003) and with training in different fields of Art.
The Dr. gives us a presentation of what will be for the reader those inflections about the body and its anthropological development. This entails giving us a different perspective of what the body frames in the realm of physical (physical) education, but it also places us introspection for the construction of a disciplinary approach. "Centuries of predominance of rationalism and dualism meant that in Western modernity the body was seen preponderantly as a mere" object, "plausible to be dissociated from the true" being, "reason or soul, of the Which, in addition, were expected to execute control over corporeal matter and its always suspect impulses "(Citro, 2010: 9). Under this quote Citro points out to us an anthropological complexion of the body as a disciplinary field from a sociocultural approach. The doctor includes several authors to search the various points of view and for the analysis of them, among them we see Marcel Mauss in the studies of "body techniques". The author emphasizes a genealogy of the body in which exposes the tensions of theories coming from the phenomenology.
All these observations are also related to the following text that gives us a conception about the body as a social construction, where it allows to locate a detailed analysis on the constructionist theory addressing the role of the body, for it also raises different authors, where they have a relation And is that they pretend to give an explanation that everything is built in a social environment.
The authors start from the sociology of knowledge as a method to know the reality and to decipher their construction processes. The need for this sociology of knowledge is given by the differences we can observe among different societies, touching what is assumed in them as knowledge. "(Berger and luckmann, 1988: 13). What we know, what we know is universal and valid for all societies and cultures? Or does it depend on each sociocultural context? For social constructions the answer is clear: it is necessary to be able to locate knowledge in each sociocultural context. (The other bodies, p: 114).
With regard to Dr. Silvia's text, we see that she does, or rather performs, a detailed analysis of the complex representations of body and spirit in a Western philosophical framework. Approaching ancient authors as: Aristotle, Plato, as well as St. Augustine of the Middle Ages and Descartes of the modern to make known how the body was conceived at different times in history.
Let us then see what each of these authors said about the body: according to Plato, it is a nuisance to the soul, because it often prevents the soul's vision of ideas. In addition, the body drags with its passions. It's kind of like a prison for the soul. Aristotle briefly criticizes Plato by saying that our thoughts can not be produced without our body, but St. Augustine agrees with Plato in saying that the soul is united to our body as a consequence of a punishment, therefore emphasizes that the flesh is Which makes us corruptible by our desires and passions.
To continue in the dynamic of what Dr. Silvia wants to give us to understand is necessary to visualize how the dualistic conception of man is introduced, and how were the multiple gears for the disciplining of the body, which recurred in him. It is for this reason the presentation of some contributions of Michel Foucault and Norbert Elías to decipher the relationship that have placed the body as a useful machine, also to see novel figures of know-power that influence a constant intervention of the 'body' in The population, and from a genealogy of the practices and representations of the body in modernity.
Thus the individual's "self-control" appears with his insistence on the register of the corporal and the affective, which will become a characteristic and highly valued trait of "personality" (Citro, 2010).
Following this, we say that this dualism has intervened in a way that has consolidated a matrix characterized by inequality, traversing the presentations and practices of the body. In order to synthesize what Citro has put forward, we see that "forgotten" bodies are "confined" to the place of a dangerous but potentially useful object, to which the rationality of individuals and social institutions must guide . (P: 107)
o conclude with the above, we are in a question from a physical education perspective, and it is the reaction to the different cultural and political emergencies that have questioned the practices of a bourgeois world, which leads to create new body scenes. Therefore the body is seen as a sign of distinction which leads to a preponderant role. Thus, models of socially legitimized bodies were installed.
We will briefly examine the second text that relates to the above, after having seen this discourse on how the body is viewed from a dualistic point, we will emphasize the body within a social construction, ie how the body plays an important role In different socio-cultural areas and for this we will expose some concepts of different authors.
The body seen from the anatomical is the result of a process of individualization where the poles of oneness are articulated: biological and historical. (1998: 29) we see that the biological would be that primary and constitutive element, that is, the natural, while historicity is that construction of the personality or as the experts point it as corporeality.
Now let us see, as the body conception as encompassing a metaphor to describe these processes in the social construction of the body, which involves treating the body as a symbol, an ideogram, a model, a language, and so on.
Let us begin with the metaphor of the body as a commodity, which incarnates towards a logic of society closely linked to consumption and thus pretends that the body is seen as a mercantilist object, although Baudrillard points out, when referring that the body is the most beautiful object Of consumption, to give eloquence to a mercantilist perspective. Meanwhile we see that the body is also seen from a mercantilist entity from the pornographic, where it is seen in different public and private settings, web pages, erotic parties and so on. This places us in a "cultural capital" as Bourdieu pointed out, taking an important feature in culture, that is to say that it is not linked to the subjective but rather to the objective.
The body language, is another of the metaphors that concerns the development of a social conception, which in turn is related to an interaction with the environment. In order not to tackle the theme by theme, let us see the construction of the social body in a general way where there are several concepts that seek to explain the different socio-cultural scenarios, the body is that instrument that allows us to situate ourselves in contexts for the transmission and conservation of meanings.
Foucault studies, the effects of power on the body, is the body of the condemned, like those in the political field who are obliged to perform ceremonies and demand signs; And the docile bodies that can be molded and transformed, that is, disciplines are created to model docile bodies to take advantage of their performance.
In conclusion we say that the social construction of the body is analyzed from various changes in the social fields, under the social view of the body in a contemporary culture. That is to say under an image of diversity, allowing to develop different approaches on the body as object and singo, also from the focus as language. Now to point out we say that the body is that constituent framed within an instrument that gives rise to the personality manifesting through the interacting relationships of socialization. That is to say the body as a moldable object.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
The Dr. gives us a presentation of what will be for the reader those inflections about the body and its anthropological development. This entails giving us a different perspective of what the body frames in the realm of physical (physical) education, but it also places us introspection for the construction of a disciplinary approach. "Centuries of predominance of rationalism and dualism meant that in Western modernity the body was seen preponderantly as a mere" object, "plausible to be dissociated from the true" being, "reason or soul, of the Which, in addition, were expected to execute control over corporeal matter and its always suspect impulses "(Citro, 2010: 9). Under this quote Citro points out to us an anthropological complexion of the body as a disciplinary field from a sociocultural approach. The doctor includes several authors to search the various points of view and for the analysis of them, among them we see Marcel Mauss in the studies of "body techniques". The author emphasizes a genealogy of the body in which exposes the tensions of theories coming from the phenomenology.
All these observations are also related to the following text that gives us a conception about the body as a social construction, where it allows to locate a detailed analysis on the constructionist theory addressing the role of the body, for it also raises different authors, where they have a relation And is that they pretend to give an explanation that everything is built in a social environment.
The authors start from the sociology of knowledge as a method to know the reality and to decipher their construction processes. The need for this sociology of knowledge is given by the differences we can observe among different societies, touching what is assumed in them as knowledge. "(Berger and luckmann, 1988: 13). What we know, what we know is universal and valid for all societies and cultures? Or does it depend on each sociocultural context? For social constructions the answer is clear: it is necessary to be able to locate knowledge in each sociocultural context. (The other bodies, p: 114).
With regard to Dr. Silvia's text, we see that she does, or rather performs, a detailed analysis of the complex representations of body and spirit in a Western philosophical framework. Approaching ancient authors as: Aristotle, Plato, as well as St. Augustine of the Middle Ages and Descartes of the modern to make known how the body was conceived at different times in history.
Let us then see what each of these authors said about the body: according to Plato, it is a nuisance to the soul, because it often prevents the soul's vision of ideas. In addition, the body drags with its passions. It's kind of like a prison for the soul. Aristotle briefly criticizes Plato by saying that our thoughts can not be produced without our body, but St. Augustine agrees with Plato in saying that the soul is united to our body as a consequence of a punishment, therefore emphasizes that the flesh is Which makes us corruptible by our desires and passions.
To continue in the dynamic of what Dr. Silvia wants to give us to understand is necessary to visualize how the dualistic conception of man is introduced, and how were the multiple gears for the disciplining of the body, which recurred in him. It is for this reason the presentation of some contributions of Michel Foucault and Norbert Elías to decipher the relationship that have placed the body as a useful machine, also to see novel figures of know-power that influence a constant intervention of the 'body' in The population, and from a genealogy of the practices and representations of the body in modernity.
Thus the individual's "self-control" appears with his insistence on the register of the corporal and the affective, which will become a characteristic and highly valued trait of "personality" (Citro, 2010).
Following this, we say that this dualism has intervened in a way that has consolidated a matrix characterized by inequality, traversing the presentations and practices of the body. In order to synthesize what Citro has put forward, we see that "forgotten" bodies are "confined" to the place of a dangerous but potentially useful object, to which the rationality of individuals and social institutions must guide . (P: 107)
o conclude with the above, we are in a question from a physical education perspective, and it is the reaction to the different cultural and political emergencies that have questioned the practices of a bourgeois world, which leads to create new body scenes. Therefore the body is seen as a sign of distinction which leads to a preponderant role. Thus, models of socially legitimized bodies were installed.
We will briefly examine the second text that relates to the above, after having seen this discourse on how the body is viewed from a dualistic point, we will emphasize the body within a social construction, ie how the body plays an important role In different socio-cultural areas and for this we will expose some concepts of different authors.
The body seen from the anatomical is the result of a process of individualization where the poles of oneness are articulated: biological and historical. (1998: 29) we see that the biological would be that primary and constitutive element, that is, the natural, while historicity is that construction of the personality or as the experts point it as corporeality.
Now let us see, as the body conception as encompassing a metaphor to describe these processes in the social construction of the body, which involves treating the body as a symbol, an ideogram, a model, a language, and so on.
Let us begin with the metaphor of the body as a commodity, which incarnates towards a logic of society closely linked to consumption and thus pretends that the body is seen as a mercantilist object, although Baudrillard points out, when referring that the body is the most beautiful object Of consumption, to give eloquence to a mercantilist perspective. Meanwhile we see that the body is also seen from a mercantilist entity from the pornographic, where it is seen in different public and private settings, web pages, erotic parties and so on. This places us in a "cultural capital" as Bourdieu pointed out, taking an important feature in culture, that is to say that it is not linked to the subjective but rather to the objective.
The body language, is another of the metaphors that concerns the development of a social conception, which in turn is related to an interaction with the environment. In order not to tackle the theme by theme, let us see the construction of the social body in a general way where there are several concepts that seek to explain the different socio-cultural scenarios, the body is that instrument that allows us to situate ourselves in contexts for the transmission and conservation of meanings.
Foucault studies, the effects of power on the body, is the body of the condemned, like those in the political field who are obliged to perform ceremonies and demand signs; And the docile bodies that can be molded and transformed, that is, disciplines are created to model docile bodies to take advantage of their performance.
In conclusion we say that the social construction of the body is analyzed from various changes in the social fields, under the social view of the body in a contemporary culture. That is to say under an image of diversity, allowing to develop different approaches on the body as object and singo, also from the focus as language. Now to point out we say that the body is that constituent framed within an instrument that gives rise to the personality manifesting through the interacting relationships of socialization. That is to say the body as a moldable object.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
Article: the social construction of the body in contemporary societies
Citro, s. (Coord.) (2010) plural bodies. Anthropology of and from the bodies. 1st ed. Editorial Biblos, buenos aires. P: 107
Ana Martínez Barreiro, the social construction of the body in contemporary societies, photocopied document, university of a. Coruña, 2004, pp. 127-136.
The other bodies: the social construction of difference.
Anthropology of the body and bodies in the world clues to an undisciplinary genealogy Silvia Citro.
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